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A torque converter in modern usage, is usually a fluid coupling which is used to be able to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for example an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. Similar to a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanical clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a considerable difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most common type of torque converter used in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling type. In the 1920s there was likewise the Constantinesco or pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs utilized for constantly changeable transmissions that could multiply torque. Like for instance, the Variomatic is one version which has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive that could not multiply torque. A torque converter has an extra part that is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics throughout occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
In a torque converter, there are a minimum of three rotating components: the turbine, in order to drive the load, the impeller that is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under any condition and this is where the word stator begins from. In point of fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been modifications which have been integrated periodically. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is needed, alterations to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Most commonly, these alterations have taken the form of various turbines and stators. Every set has been meant to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various examples comprise the Dynaflow that uses a five element converter so as to produce the wide range of torque multiplication considered necessary to propel a heavy vehicle.
Although it is not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters consist of a lock-up clutch so as to reduce heat and in order to improve cruising power transmission efficiency. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.